Excrete following groups of dental cements: zinc phosphate (phosphate cement, visfat-cement, unifas), bactericidal (phosphate cement with silver, dioksivisfat), zinc-ksidevgenolovye cements (kariosan), silicate (silitsin, silitsin-2, alyumodent) , silikofosfatnye (silidont, laktodont, infantid) polikarboksilatnye cements, cements GLASS. Zinc phosphate cements. Produced powder and liquid in the kit. Components powder: 75-90% zinc oxide (ensuring adhesion), with the addition of silicon oxide (giving, hyaline, transparent, light), magnesium oxide (an increase of ductility and mechanical strength), calcium oxide (acceleration setting, viscosity), aluminum oxide (an increase of strength and hardness).

Dental caries Dental caries - a pathological process, which appears after the dentition, at which the demineralization and softening of dental hard tissues with the subsequent formation of a defect in the form of cavities. Caries classified: 1. Dental caries in the stage of the spot. 2. Surface caries. 3. The average caries. 4. Deep caries. Physical methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention are applied at different stages of the caries process. When caries in the stage of applying patches reminera-ization of dental tissues using electrophoresis of calcium fluoride.

Applied in cases where the treatment of caries and its complications is not complete in one visit. Some of these materials are also used as a bandage to cover medicines and as insulating pads under permanent seal. Requirements for the materials: to be malleable, easily introduced into the cavity and the implications, do not inactivate the drug substance does not dissolve in the oral fluid, to ensure hermeticism for the requisite period (not less than 2 weeks). Zinc sulfate cements. Artificial dentin.

The final stage of treatment of dental caries and its complications is filling. Sealing - a replacement of the defect of dental hard tissues special material for the restoration of anatomic form and function of the tooth. The ideal filling material must have the following physicochemical requirements: - Do not shrink; - Provide the ideal marginal adaptation; - Have a high adhesion in a wet environment; - Have a coefficient of thermal expansion close to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the tooth; - Have a hardness close to the hardness of enamel; - Must be chemically resistant, that is not dissolve in the oral fluid;  - To resist abrasion; - Do not have the abrasive properties, that is itself does not cause abrasion of antagonist;  - Curing time should be the maximum in time to form, seal.

Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) - an inflammatory disease that occurs in adolescents aged 10-13 years. For this form of periodontitis is characterized by intensive periodontal lesion with rapidly progressive destruction of bone tissue. High intensity of destruction at the beginning of the disease may continue to slow down or disappear. The clinical picture of localized Youth periodontitis periodontal lesions characterized mainly in the central incisors or first molars, usually located symmetrically.

Prepubertal periodontitis occurs for 2-4 year of age at the time of eruption of deciduous teeth.  There are localized and generalized its shape. When struck by a localized form of isolated teeth, and the intensity of the destruction of bone tissue is lower than in generalized form. In some cases, despite the destruction of bone tissue, visible signs of inflammation of the gums available. In generalized form of prepubertal periodontitis affected all teeth. Gingival tissue showing pronounced signs of inflammation.

Marginal periodontitis, a disease caused by exposure to bacterial plaque, inflammatory disease of all parts of the marginal periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cement and alveolar bone) with a progressive loss of tissue restraining apparatus of the tooth. The clinical picture of marginal periodontitis, in addition to the symptoms of gingivitis, is characterized by destruction of bone tissue, the presence of abscess, displacement and mobility of teeth, as well as the emergence of periodontal pockets with loss of attachment of the epithelium.

Supernumerary teeth (giperdentiya) are found in milk and in permanent teeth, more often in males.  In dairy bite teeth are fine. Supernumerary milk tooth to erupt mainly on the front section of the upper jaw.  In the permanent dentition supernumerary largest teeth are usually smaller than normal and irregularly shaped. Often they are localized at the site location of the central incisors and molars of the upper jaw.  Supernumerary subulate tooth has a conical shape with a crown and shortened roots.

Physiological tooth wear - abrasion of dental hard tissues as a result of direct contact surfaces of antagonistic teeth or adjacent teeth. Contact the opposite surfaces of the teeth occurs when chewing and swallowing food (approximately 1500 times a day). Abrasion of the teeth - is a specific physiological form of abrasion. With this type of abrasion loss of hard tissue of teeth is negligible.  With age, the physiological effects of abrasion become more visible. Because of the physiological mobility of the teeth in the area is aproksimalnoy abrasion surfaces adjacent teeth.

The emergence and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases, primarily due to the influence of microbial dental plaque. Plaque is a soft, structured, attached to the surface of the tooth plaque, which is impossible to wash off with water. At 1 mg of plaque (the mass of the light water) contains approximately 10k bacteria. The term Materia alba (white patches) denote the deposits on the teeth and gums, which in contrast to the raid, washed with water. The white plaque represents a whitish mass of unstructured, consisting of bacteria, leukocytes, and the remnants of the epithelium.

As a result of trauma or endodontic treatment may occur staining of dental hard tissues. As a result of injury or vital extirpation of blood from the pulp can penetrate into dentinal tubules and decay. Hemoglobin released from red blood cells, which is deposited in the dentin in the form of decay products, having a dark color, such as iron sulfide. Staining of teeth in different shades can also occur as a result of various drugs and filling materials in endodontic treatment. To prevent staining the processing of the root canal should be thoroughly cleaned cavity.

If you have a milk tooth with extensive or multiple opening of the pulp, as well as with deep caries process of moving to the area of the pulp, the optimal way of healing is pulpotomy (vital amputation). In deciduous teeth with pulpotomy necessarily use the cofferdam.  Amputation wound covered with calcium hydroxide preparations. In the case of a suspension of calcium hydroxide, it is advisable to use the hardening agent or a calcium hydroxide cement, consisting of a mixture of zinc oxide with eugenol.

At sufficiently strong stimuli slurry reacts with inflammation, which occurs in such a way as any inflammation of the connective tissue of the human body. Characteristic features of the flow structure caused by inflammation of the pulp surrounding solid mineralize ¬ bathroom tissue. Inflammation begins with nasal vasodilatation. Result of increased circulation is red cloth. If the intensity of the influence of stimulation is not reduced, in association with increased microvascular permeability of the plasma beyond the walls of capillaries and edema of the affected area is formed tissue.

Seals of malleable gold - is a seal of gold, sealed directly to the tooth. At the same time apply the golden pins of high-grade gold (24 carats). Seal of malleable gold - a high quality seal, characterized by durability, optimum strength of the walls, marginal adaptation and poliruemostyo surface. In the mouth it is chemically neutral, biocompatible with the gum tissue, do not rust, be re-polishing and contouring through a large period of time. Seals of malleable gold shows to fill the small carious defects in the pits and fissures (I class at Blake) and cervical tooth defects (V class Blake).

The main ways to use local anesthesia in dentistry - injectable and ointment. Anesthetic agent has an impact on various systems, organs, tissues. After absorption in the tissues of anesthetic is distributed throughout the body. In dentistry, local anesthetic injected into the tissues of the maxillofacial area and the oral mucosa, in which there are significant vascular formation, located in the soft tissue and the spongy substance of bone. This can lead to high concentrations of anesthetic in the blood.

Dental caries - a disease caused by various factors, which involves the use in the treatment of various preventive measures. The purpose of primary prevention - preventing the holding of fluoride, modified diet, which prevents the emergence of foci of dental caries. Secondary prophylactic treatment is early diagnosis of existing lesions (eg, primary carious lesions diagnosed by using X-ray diffraction using a bite device). Then - in order to prevent the emergence of new lesions or further loss of hard tissue of teeth carry out the necessary therapeutic measures (remineralization, sealing the fissure).

The quality of human nutrition, quantity and frequency of meals - a decisive factor in the development of caries. Currently, reduce consumption of natural foods, the emergence of new carriers of energy, improved cooking technology have led to significant changes in the composition of food products and their quality. While the food and may affect the mineralization and structure of hard dental tissue during development, but, so far ns found the relationship between nutritional deficiencies and affected caries.

Enamel is formed from the ameloblast. In the period of development is its cyclical mineralization. Crystallization of calcium phosphate compounds in the process of mineralization and the subsequent growth of crystals is defined as prederuptivnoe maturation of enamel. Whilst retaining growth lines formed due to irregular mineralization of enamel. Each crystal has a hydrated layer of enamel, which is carried out by ion exchange. After teething porosity and heterogeneity leveled by maturing enamel.

In physical properties of the permanent filling materials can be divided into three groups: cements, materials for metal seals and polymers. Cements As a material for the permanent seals used silicate cements, silikofosfatnye and ionomer. Silicate Cements. Domestic industry produced Silitsin, Silitsin-2. Foreign analogues: Silikap, Alyumodent, Friteks. The main ingredient of the powder is silicon dioxide. Liquid silicate cement - an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid solution containing additional zinc, aluminum and magnesium phosphate.

Periodontitis - inflammatory periodontal disease. By origin distinguish infectious, traumatic and medical periodontitis. Depending on the flow of clinical periodontitis can be acute, chronic (fibrotic, granulating, granulomatous), and chronic in the acute stage.  Treatment of periodontal disease is aimed at eliminating the source of infection, prevention of sensitization of the organism, the development of inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region, an infectious-allergic diseases of internal organs and systems.