Prepubertal periodontitis occurs for 2-4 year of age at the time of eruption of deciduous teeth.  There are localized and generalized its shape. When struck by a localized form of isolated teeth, and the intensity of the destruction of bone tissue is lower than in generalized form. In some cases, despite the destruction of bone tissue, visible signs of inflammation of the gums available. In generalized form of prepubertal periodontitis affected all teeth. Gingival tissue showing pronounced signs of inflammation.

Marginal periodontitis, a disease caused by exposure to bacterial plaque, inflammatory disease of all parts of the marginal periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cement and alveolar bone) with a progressive loss of tissue restraining apparatus of the tooth. The clinical picture of marginal periodontitis, in addition to the symptoms of gingivitis, is characterized by destruction of bone tissue, the presence of abscess, displacement and mobility of teeth, as well as the emergence of periodontal pockets with loss of attachment of the epithelium.

Supernumerary teeth (giperdentiya) are found in milk and in permanent teeth, more often in males.  In dairy bite teeth are fine. Supernumerary milk tooth to erupt mainly on the front section of the upper jaw.  In the permanent dentition supernumerary largest teeth are usually smaller than normal and irregularly shaped. Often they are localized at the site location of the central incisors and molars of the upper jaw.  Supernumerary subulate tooth has a conical shape with a crown and shortened roots.

Physiological tooth wear - abrasion of dental hard tissues as a result of direct contact surfaces of antagonistic teeth or adjacent teeth. Contact the opposite surfaces of the teeth occurs when chewing and swallowing food (approximately 1500 times a day). Abrasion of the teeth - is a specific physiological form of abrasion. With this type of abrasion loss of hard tissue of teeth is negligible.  With age, the physiological effects of abrasion become more visible. Because of the physiological mobility of the teeth in the area is aproksimalnoy abrasion surfaces adjacent teeth.

The emergence and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases, primarily due to the influence of microbial dental plaque. Plaque is a soft, structured, attached to the surface of the tooth plaque, which is impossible to wash off with water. At 1 mg of plaque (the mass of the light water) contains approximately 10k bacteria. The term Materia alba (white patches) denote the deposits on the teeth and gums, which in contrast to the raid, washed with water. The white plaque represents a whitish mass of unstructured, consisting of bacteria, leukocytes, and the remnants of the epithelium.

As a result of trauma or endodontic treatment may occur staining of dental hard tissues. As a result of injury or vital extirpation of blood from the pulp can penetrate into dentinal tubules and decay. Hemoglobin released from red blood cells, which is deposited in the dentin in the form of decay products, having a dark color, such as iron sulfide. Staining of teeth in different shades can also occur as a result of various drugs and filling materials in endodontic treatment. To prevent staining the processing of the root canal should be thoroughly cleaned cavity.

If you have a milk tooth with extensive or multiple opening of the pulp, as well as with deep caries process of moving to the area of the pulp, the optimal way of healing is pulpotomy (vital amputation). In deciduous teeth with pulpotomy necessarily use the cofferdam.  Amputation wound covered with calcium hydroxide preparations. In the case of a suspension of calcium hydroxide, it is advisable to use the hardening agent or a calcium hydroxide cement, consisting of a mixture of zinc oxide with eugenol.

At sufficiently strong stimuli slurry reacts with inflammation, which occurs in such a way as any inflammation of the connective tissue of the human body. Characteristic features of the flow structure caused by inflammation of the pulp surrounding solid mineralize ¬ bathroom tissue. Inflammation begins with nasal vasodilatation. Result of increased circulation is red cloth. If the intensity of the influence of stimulation is not reduced, in association with increased microvascular permeability of the plasma beyond the walls of capillaries and edema of the affected area is formed tissue.

Seals of malleable gold - is a seal of gold, sealed directly to the tooth. At the same time apply the golden pins of high-grade gold (24 carats). Seal of malleable gold - a high quality seal, characterized by durability, optimum strength of the walls, marginal adaptation and poliruemostyo surface. In the mouth it is chemically neutral, biocompatible with the gum tissue, do not rust, be re-polishing and contouring through a large period of time. Seals of malleable gold shows to fill the small carious defects in the pits and fissures (I class at Blake) and cervical tooth defects (V class Blake).

The main ways to use local anesthesia in dentistry - injectable and ointment. Anesthetic agent has an impact on various systems, organs, tissues. After absorption in the tissues of anesthetic is distributed throughout the body. In dentistry, local anesthetic injected into the tissues of the maxillofacial area and the oral mucosa, in which there are significant vascular formation, located in the soft tissue and the spongy substance of bone. This can lead to high concentrations of anesthetic in the blood.

Dental caries - a disease caused by various factors, which involves the use in the treatment of various preventive measures. The purpose of primary prevention - preventing the holding of fluoride, modified diet, which prevents the emergence of foci of dental caries. Secondary prophylactic treatment is early diagnosis of existing lesions (eg, primary carious lesions diagnosed by using X-ray diffraction using a bite device). Then - in order to prevent the emergence of new lesions or further loss of hard tissue of teeth carry out the necessary therapeutic measures (remineralization, sealing the fissure).

The quality of human nutrition, quantity and frequency of meals - a decisive factor in the development of caries. Currently, reduce consumption of natural foods, the emergence of new carriers of energy, improved cooking technology have led to significant changes in the composition of food products and their quality. While the food and may affect the mineralization and structure of hard dental tissue during development, but, so far ns found the relationship between nutritional deficiencies and affected caries.

Enamel is formed from the ameloblast. In the period of development is its cyclical mineralization. Crystallization of calcium phosphate compounds in the process of mineralization and the subsequent growth of crystals is defined as prederuptivnoe maturation of enamel. Whilst retaining growth lines formed due to irregular mineralization of enamel. Each crystal has a hydrated layer of enamel, which is carried out by ion exchange. After teething porosity and heterogeneity leveled by maturing enamel.

In physical properties of the permanent filling materials can be divided into three groups: cements, materials for metal seals and polymers. Cements As a material for the permanent seals used silicate cements, silikofosfatnye and ionomer. Silicate Cements. Domestic industry produced Silitsin, Silitsin-2. Foreign analogues: Silikap, Alyumodent, Friteks. The main ingredient of the powder is silicon dioxide. Liquid silicate cement - an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid solution containing additional zinc, aluminum and magnesium phosphate.

Periodontitis - inflammatory periodontal disease. By origin distinguish infectious, traumatic and medical periodontitis. Depending on the flow of clinical periodontitis can be acute, chronic (fibrotic, granulating, granulomatous), and chronic in the acute stage.  Treatment of periodontal disease is aimed at eliminating the source of infection, prevention of sensitization of the organism, the development of inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region, an infectious-allergic diseases of internal organs and systems.

PULP - inflammation of the pulp of the tooth. There is in most cases as a complication of tooth decay. In choosing a method of treatment is important classification of the forms of pulpitis. The most simple and suitable for clinical use is a clinical and morphological classification adopted at the Moscow Medical Dental Institute. Classification of forms of pulpitis: I. Acute pulpitis: a) focal, b) diffuse. II. Chronic pulpitis: a) fibrous, b) gangrenous, c) hypertrophic.

Hlorofillipta (Chlorophylliptum) contains a mixture of chlorophyll in the leaves of eucalyptus, has antimicrobial activity. Apply in-necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis. Tincture of calendula (Tinctura Calendulae) is used in periodontal disease and oral mucosa as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory drugs (1 teaspoon per glass of water for rinsing the mouth). Salvini (Salvinum) - preparation from the leaves of sage. It has astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, has antimicrobial effect on gram-positive microflora, including those resistant to antibiotics.

«Periodontal disease» - a collective term that represents a group of different etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal lesions. At present, our country is following the conventional classification of periodontal diseases: Gingivitis - inflammation of the gums caused by the impact of local and general factors and without violating the integrity of the tooth-gum attachment. Periodontitis - inflammation of periodontal tissues, characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal and bone.

For the treatment of deep caries mainly use therapeutic pads on calcium hydroxide. Materials containing Ca (OH) 2> have a pronounced antimicrobial, odontotropnym and anti-inflammatory effect. Kalmetsin - powder containing calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, human blood plasma and sulfatsil-sodium (albutsid-sodium). Liquid part of the therapy pads, contains an aqueous solution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. To prepare the lining of kalmetsina on a dry glass plate is applied 2-3 drops of this liquid and add it in small portions powder until smooth plastic soft mass.

For the treatment of hypersensitivity of dental hard tissues used fluoride solutions, gels, varnishes, produced by different companies. Bifluornd 12 (Bifluorid 12) - lacquer for the treatment of hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues. Contains compounds of sodium fluoride and calcium fluoride, providing a good therapeutic effect. Apply for the treatment of hypersensitivity hard tissues of teeth. Recommend a two-fold covering surface of the tooth. Flyuokal gel (Fluocal gel). It contains in its composition of sodium fluoride.