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Asymmetry of the face, head and skull man
03-09-2009
In living nature, as in the material world in general, there is no completely symmetric or completely asymmetric objects. This principle of the structure of matter affects all its components: space, energy, physics, chemistry, biology, cells, atoms, electrons and quanta. In any object there is always the unity of symmetry and asymmetry.
Man, like vertebrates, bilateral symmetry of the body in the form of pairing organs or the presence of left and right halves of the individual parts and organs. But the biological principle of bilateral symmetry of living organisms does not occur with mathematical precision in connection with the uneven development or function, and is expressed as the predominance of the size of one of the halves. A striking example is the asymmetry of the right-and left-handedness.
There are over twenty-five theories of origin of asymmetry - the influence of kariolisova motion of the Earth, to the influence of temporary factors or occupational habits.
In humans, the asymmetry manifested in the form of morphological (structure, size, proportions, etc.) and functional differences: motor (movement), sensory (vision, hearing, touch, smell) and psychiatric.
Morphological asymmetry of the skull observed already in utero, and functional (in the form of right-and left-handed) - for children 4-9 months, with the onset of the arbitrary, deliberate movements. This kind of asymmetry is related to functional asymmetry of cerebral hemispheres and is inherent to man. In animals, the percentage of «right» - and «levolapyh» same.
Asymmetry is clearly correlated with the degree of functional activity of the elements of the human body - more active and mobile parts of the body show greater asymmetry. Thus, the upper limbs, a man more asymmetrical compared with the lower and lower jaw, a movable part of the face, characterized by greater asymmetry compared to the fixed upper jaw. These facts point to the functional orientation of asymmetry.
Morphological and functional changes that occur due to various reasons, internal and external, create a one-sided differences shaped face, which within the physiological asymmetry in the expression of individual personality traits.
The conditional boundary between the individual (physiological) and the asymmetry of the initial stage of a pathological (requiring correction) in practice is difficult to determine, especially as the soft tissue of the person until a certain time conceal the uneven development of the facial skeleton. Variations in the structure of the skull and the human face in excess of the amount of natural differences between the left and right halves of substantial quantities, are considered strains. Conventional limits of the differences considered to be 3.5 degrees (angular values) and 2-3 mm. (Linear).
The fact that the asymmetry in the external structure of the face and body has been known since ancient painters and sculptor of the ancient world, and used them to give expression and spirituality of their works.
However, not all the time asymmetry in the visual arts recognized rule. It is known that the Greeks sought such success in the proportioning of the body, that the same sculpture of two separate halves to create different master. When combining these halves, so they fit together, that seemed the product of a sculptor.
Proponents of the asymmetry of thought that it animates the face, gives him great charm, expressiveness, originality and beauty.
Asymmetry of the face of the statue of Venus de Milo, created by the ancient Greek sculptor, expressing the displacement of the nose to the right of the midline, in a higher position of the left ear and left eye socket and a smaller distance from the median line of the left eye socket, than the right. Meanwhile, supporters of symmetry criticized the asymmetry of the generally accepted standard forms of female beauty, believing that the person of Venus would be much nicer if it were symmetrical.
Extensive research conducted on several thousand skulls Parisian ophthalmologist Libreyhom found that asymmetry affects mostly the fact that the right cheekbone and the lower half of the upper jaw is shifted to the right, resulting in lower edge of the orbit on the right has a transverse direction, while the left is more sloping backwards; right canine fossa is deeper and narrower, the teeth of the upper jaw, as well as the lower part of the nasal septum, are shifted to the right. It is noted that the left half of the cranial more right.
Evidence of asymmetry in the normal human face is a method of creating images of the same person from the two left and two right halves. Thus, it generates two additional portraits with absolute symmetry, but differ considerably from the original and should be regarded as paradoxical (Fig. 50).
Numerous measuring faces of men and women showed that half of his right hand over left, is more pronounced in the transverse dimensions, which gives the face a more serious, courageous traits inherent in the male sex. The left half of face is more pronounced in longitudinal dimensions, with no serious side contours, which gives it a soft, sleek curves and femininity. This fact explains the predominant desire of female artists to pose in front of the left side of his face, and male - Right.
Fig. 50
Incorrect to assume the symmetry of the individual sine qua non for its beauty. To assess facial beauty is important set of features and a small asymmetry inherent in individuals of all nationalities and diminishes the dignity of the portrait. With good reason we can say that no one person with absolute symmetry of right and left halves.
Thus, it is an accepted fact of facial asymmetry, measured by nonequivalence of the right and left halves, one of which, as a rule, wider and higher than the other - even lower. The reason for this asymmetry, in most cases, is the unevenness of the elements of the bone of the skull, and on her face increasing due to the specificity of facial expression (physiological asymmetry). Her revelations have a set pattern: if one half higher, it is more narrow. In this case, one eyebrow is higher than the opposite, a larger half of the face, eye gap is larger. Nasolabial folds on this side of the face is more pronounced, more straightforward. The right half of the face, usually larger than the left, sharply exposed, expressed masculinity. The left half is generally softer, reflecting features of femininity. The familiar smile on the face of asymmetric, curved in the direction of a broad half. When differential displacement eyebrows, active, and rises above the eyebrow on the narrow side of the face.
Inherent human mimic facial asymmetry due to differences in innervation and is especially facial expressions. Functional facial asymmetry depends on the functional asymmetry of the brain and is expressed in a more active right-handed left-sided expressive mimic muscles (at half-smile stretched, usually the left side of oral slit, and winking at - running the left eye). However, criminologists found that when one-sided smile participates predominantly greater half of his face, as usual raising one eyebrow is carried out on a narrow side of the face. Razzhevyvanie food (for healthy teeth) is functionally dominant party. In the speech act of the right half of the mouth is more active in 86% of right-handers and in 67% of left-handers.
All rights asymmetry divided into static (proportions, size, weight, volume, etc.) and functional: motor (motor), sensory (sensitive) and mental (sensory).
Among the facial asymmetry, except for organic, are considered and are of practical importance to the two species. First - unequal halves of a person the ability to reflect the emotional state. In this issue there is no unity of opinion. Some researchers believe that most people have the right than the left half of the face and more expressive than the left, similar to all entity. Other (and majority) recognize the more emotional the left half of the face, and photographs, compiled only from the left half recognized by all professional experts, more emotional, more energetic, active. Right-hand photographs were evaluated as weaker, soft, positive.
The left half of her face left-handers in the smile looks more fun than the right - on the sad in repose. In right-handers more sad and happy faces were recognized in photographs, compiled by their right side.
The second type of facial asymmetry refers to the movements of the eyes, carrying sensory-motor function.
When thinking about issues that require verbal comprehension and thinking, or mathematical, logical operations, the eyes of most people are sent to the right. When the visual-spatial and musical tasks and perception of music, rhythmic sounds of nature - to the left.
Emotional appeals to the subject often cause drive on the left eye, and positive emotions - to the right, and fear - to the left. People with a predominantly by right-eye movements, often specialize in the hard sciences and less use in their responses to the adjectives. Lateral eye movements do not arise if the question is easy for a person or ready.
Leading eye first directs the eye to the subject, the second (not leading) directs the visual axis at the point of fixation of the lead eyes in the leading eye had included the mechanism of accommodation.
Lead (by sighting ability) right eye more frequently observed in right-handed and the left - 40% of left-handers. In right-handers with the right leading eye orientation is better than right-handed with the left leading eye.
Functional asymmetry concerns and hearing, as a means of human communication through speech. The predominance of the left ear, the study of audiometers, noted in 50% of the people, the right - in 7% and 43% of cases they are equivalent. The advantage of the right ear in distinguishing speech sounds is called «the effect of the right ear», and «the effect of the left ear» manifests itself in a better perception of non-speech sounds - music, rhythm and intonation, as well as emotional speech (joy, sorrow, anger, fear, love and acceptance in etc.).
For a number of biological, national, historical, geographical and social factors of each individual person is different individual expressiveness. Of the billion people living on Earth, you can not find the exact same person. Even persistent racial and national settings individuals acquire certain variations of combination signs. Under the influence of mental processes occurring facial reactions, varying different dynamic.
Unique and wonderful diversity of individuals, their qualitative specificity of long attracted the attention of artists and sculptors can «read» the emotional state in facial expression. Sculpture, a portrait, a description of a person's works always indicate the degree of talent of the author, reflecting its ability to properly observe, accept and record facial expressions. Leonardo da Vinci, through knowledge of anatomy, ingeniously guessed relationship emotional state the nature of his gesture. Doctor brings together artists with a constant readiness to follow the nuances of facial expressions. Responsibility for the life of the patient requires it to be not only the external form, but also the direction of lines, dimensions of parts, the projection of the orifices on the face and other factors. The nuances of facial expression, expression of eyes, a violation of the proportions in the ensemble of individual merit a detailed analysis and special studies.
Ability to geometrically measure, display and model the objects of the material space, helps to explain the origin of bilateral asymmetry in organic forms and the formation of imagery from wildlife.
Until now the debate is focused on the dominant direction of the asymmetry of the face. There is no unity on the question of what part of the face are most and which the least asymmetry. However, inequality is proved right and the left half of the face in the reflection of emotional states.
Researchers morphologically divided into three individual zones, each of which is attributed to one of three characteristics. Forehead and expression of the eyes can reflect the intelligence, the middle face (nose and lips with rich facial expressions) demonstrates sensory condition, and the lower third of the face (chin) expresses the will, energy and activity. It is believed that the right half of her face reflects the mind and the left is an expression of emotions. There is better developed mimic muscles and most expressive facial movements of the right half of his face right-handers, the left - left-handed. In criminology, there is the concept of biological dissimetrii person. The right type has a higher and a narrow right-hand side of the face and a wider and lower left. Left type is characterized by the inverse relationships.
Different values (aesthetic, functional, psychological and physiognomic), and the perception of right and left halves of the face is mainly due the desire of females to pose for artists and photographers left side of his face, and male - Right. This fact has been verified by us for 820 portraits (320 female and 500 male), the most famous masters of painting to the early twentieth century. In 65% of the women's faces are left side, but only 35% - right, men, respectively - 55% of right and left - at 45%. As a vivid illustration can be cited portraits: «Mona Lisa» and «Madonna Litta» Leonardo da Vinci; «Flora» and «Self-Portrait with Saskia» Rembrandt; «Portrait of a young woman» and «Equestrian Portrait of Charles V» Titian; «Head of grace» and «The Birth of Venus» Botticelli; «Sistine Madonna» Rafael; «Portrait of a woman with blond hair» Rubens; «Charming» Kramskogo; «spinner» and «Lacemaker» Tropinina »;« Portrait of Pope Innnokentiya X »Velasquez;« Portrait of A.S . Pushkin »Kiprensky;« Girl with Peaches »Serov.
Thus, in art there is a manifestation of facial asymmetry, as a reflection of natural beauty, tenderness and charm of women, on the one hand, and inner strength, fortitude and courage in men, on the other.
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Articles for theme "face":
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03-09-2009
1. The pleasure (joy, happiness, laughter, smile, satisfaction, sympathy).
The intensity of expression of these emotions to a greater extent determined by the degree of displacement sideways commissure of the lips, the degree of opening of the mouth and the number of exposed teeth, and the degree of closure century.
With a smile:
closed-mouth or just slightly open, lower jaw slightly shifted downwards;
-commissure lip shifted to the side and upwards, the lips become thinner, more closely pressed to the teeth (reduced zygomaticus major muscle and muscle of the angle of the mouth).
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03-09-2009
Schematically one can distinguish three main types of facial expressions (Fig. 49). In each there is a certain dominant.
Neutral facial expressions. Muscle contraction and thus «expressive» skin folds are absent. Serenity, decisiveness, mild attention.
Expression of positive feelings. Face is flattened as if by centrifugal force. For example, stretch the lips, eyelids are smoothed out, elongated eyebrows. Thus, on the face show through optimism and positive emotions: laughter, smile, delight, joy.
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03-09-2009
We know that emotions - it is a subjective human response to external or internal (psychological) stimuli, which manifest expression of feelings at the somatic level. These manifestations are expressed «alarm» man about his condition when dealing in the form of gestures, rapid breathing, change in skin color, sweating, trembling, and a certain facial face. That person is part of the body, fully reflecting the experienced emotions. Emotions are manifested in the face by reducing the facial muscles, most of which are under the skin.
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03-09-2009
One of the portentous signs on the human body and especially on the face are pigment formation. The morphology, they are benign tumors, referred to as moles in the home. They are capable under certain circumstances to degenerate into serious illness, and therefore doctors call them «sleeping snake». Their origin they are congenital and newly formed, as if so the nature of man tells him ugotovlennoy fate or disclose to others the mystery of his character.
Their impact moles are considered to be favorable or unfavorable.
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03-09-2009
Hair does not belong to elements of a person, but play a major role in shaping not only the external appearance of the face and head, but also have some importance as a physiognomic sign. They are hard and soft, straight and curly, curly and fluffy. Quality of hair is determined by genetic predisposition, they contain important information about a person's life, and largely reflect his fate.
Depending on the species they contain the pigment carotene, they are dark (brunettes), chestnut (shateny), blond (blond), blond and, less often - red.
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