Sexual and racial characteristics of the skull, head and face

Size and shape of the skull depends on sex, age, individual characteristics, racial and ethical accessories (ritual artificial cranial deformation, adopted by some nations). 


  Differences in the skeleton of the head of adult men and women belonging to one racial group is not immediately apparent, but difficult to identify the relevant dimensions of the sex of the skull. 


  Prior to the onset of puberty and sexual peculiarities of the skeleton of the head is weak, but the skull of adults may be relatively easy to determine who - man or woman - he belongs. This is evident by the size, volume, percentage of individual parts. 


  Man's skull large, the forehead is tilted back, clearly distinguished supraorbital arch. Volumetric mastoid projections clearly marked muscle structure on the occipital bone, the front block is narrow and elongated, its angular contours and relief. The chin is more massive and form close to rectangular in shape. Lower jaw with wide branches, the corners turned down the sides. Canine fossa deep. Zygomatic arch strong and located in the external ear opening. Bridge of the nose is highlighted. In proportion as the skull more of the facial unit. 


  Woman's skull is usually smaller in size, the skull is more developed in the parietal part. The forehead is lower, narrow frontal mounds larger and sharper act. Bridge of the nose is allocated to a lesser degree and without a pronounced concavity. The eyebrow arches are less developed and there are not high. The nasal cavity is less. Zygomatic arch thinner and thinner in front of the auditory passage. 


  The lower jaw is less voluminous, the chin has a rounded shape, the angle correct and somewhat rounded. The upper jaw is less massive and canine fossa is not deep. Mastoid process less lengthy and somewhat protruding. 


  The facial unit is less than the male, but a broader and more low-lying, its contours more rounded. 


  The form of the human skull, regardless of race or gender, determines the shape of the head, and the configuration of the head (along with muscle and fat structure) - the form of the face. 


  The shape of the head. With the calculation of the horizontal entsefalometricheskogo index taken to distinguish between the typical forms: 

  - Dolichocephalic form - (long and narrow), typical Negro, avstraloidnyh and Western European nations. Has broad 

spread in northern Europe and in some areas of Asia and Australia; 
  - Brachycephalic shape (short and wide) dominated among the inhabitants of eastern Europe, with representatives of the Mongoloid race in Central Asia, the Americas and Oceania; 
  - Mezotsefalnaya form (average) occurs in all races, but particularly common among Asians. 
  The form of the face. Based on the calculation of overall morphological index (the ratio of morphological height of a person to zygomatic width) distinguish three main types of people and several medium types: 
  - Very wide spread in individual nations of tropical and southern regions (the inhabitants of Australia, equatorial Africa, the Indians of Central America); 
  - Broad and relatively broad face - typical for Mongoloid types and aboriginal American continent; 
  - Relatively narrow face - typical of European nations (Europe, Central and East Asia, India); 
  - Very narrow faces are rare (peoples of northern Europe, the people of Iran). 
  However, racial and gender impose its model, group and individual characteristics.

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