Person is a department of the human head, located on the hairy part to the chin and limited to the lateral surfaces of the temporo-auricular and buccal regions. From a topographical point of view, represented by several isolated zones: frontal, supraorbital, ushno-mastoid, eye, infraorbital, zygomatic, nasal, upper and nizhnegubnuyu, mouth, cheek and chin. Each of these zones is some information not only on the face, but also about its owner. In the face area are concentrated most important and most complex sensory organs, as well as various kinds of sensitive innervation, since the optical system and ending with tactile sensitivity.
The head and especially face different complex anatomic structure of bone and soft tissues, the extraordinary richness of the diversity of their forms. Many physiological processes in organs and tissues of the person are evident in their expressions. As it is easy to determine the mood and feelings of man. Sadness and joy, captured in her eyes, sorrow and inspiration, frozen on his face, expressive facial expressions reflect the emotional state of man. This property only person able to create a vision not only of the nature of man, but his appearance on its statics and dynamics.
Even in prehistoric times, man's face was seen as a reflection of his soul, which leaves the body during sleep. This explains the ban to cover ritual drawings face of a sleeping man, so that the soul was able to guess the return of its owner. To the spirits and gods were more favorable to the man with the «beautiful» soul, encourage the various plastic and cosmetic modification of the exterior of the head and face. To this end, they distort and decorated with drawings, on which it was possible to find a brave warrior, a good hunter or just a good man.
A frequent way of improving the exterior was plastic deformation of the skull. In the Bronze Age, and in more recent times, newborn girls tightly tied head, resulting in their skull with age in the growth was pulled. A striking example is deformed skull of the famous beauties of ancient Egyptian queen Nefertiti.
Very popular and now in some African tribes have a tradition of deformed lower jaw, lower lip, pulling excessively with a heavy metal disk or changing the shape of the ears in women. For this purpose, with heavy earrings in the form of rings and other objects very stretched lobes. It remains popular among some ethnic ritual Scarification faces of men - drawing on the cheeks and forehead, deep cuts that leave scars after healing of rough. Traditional notions of beauty continues to this day, lovers of various piercings, not only in Africa, using multiple punctures of wood or bone needles, cheeks, eyebrows, noses, and modern European woman of fashion, decorating not only the person but also other parts of the body jewelry and non-traditional decorations.
«A person who knows the nature of man», - claimed the ancients. A Academician Anokhin wrote: «The beauty of the human person, his sparkling personality, diverse manifestations of its expressive of the game is a source of inspiration at all times and among all nations ... There are wonderful monuments of sculpture and works of art, perpetuating the human face in all its diversity». To illustrate the possible cause apt, sharp and expressive description of NV Gogol «beauty» face typical character «Dead Souls» - Sobakevich. «We know that the world has a lot of people over the long finish that nature is wise, I did not eat any small tools: such as: a file, gimlet and so forth, but just chopping around the shoulder, had the ax again - came out your nose, enough to another - left her lips, a big drill kovyrnula - obskobliv eyes and not let the light, saying: live! »
Answer the question: «What is the beauty of a person?» Unequivocally impossible. Aristotle recognized the beauty as an objective quality of events and objects: «Excellent - and the animal and every thing, - consisting of certain parts must not only be the last in the order, but have not got a sort of value: the beauty lies in the size and order ...»
Considering the person as an indivisible whole, Plato recognized the objectivity of beauty, and showed its structure, setting aside a specific place the beauty of the human body.
The ancient Greeks as a sign of beauty universally recognized measure, harmony, proportion, symmetry and rhythm, as they reflect the spatial and temporal structure of the world, built according to the laws of symmetry and asymmetry, proportion and disproportion, rhythm and arrhythmia. This allowed them by the laws of beauty to create the finest architectural ensembles and magnificent canonical statues and paintings. Architects and painters, sculptors and doctors, poets and musicians have argued case law offered by the beautiful, expressing the inner content through external forms. They discovered the essential features of beauty and worked out the general principles of knowledge creation and had a great influence on the subsequent development of aesthetic theories.
«The main thing of beauty - a harmonious proportionality of its parts and whole. If the parameters of parts of the face are commensurate with each other and with the whole person, as well as the trunk, they create the grandeur of proportions. If the forms created by these parameters, soft, light and elastic, they create beautiful forms. When the parameters and signs of a person agreed between themselves and with the whole person, they give the impression of harmony. This is achieved through the symmetry and asymmetry, unity and contrast of forms, volumes, colors. The alternation of individual elements and the presence of unique features gives a person a rhythm and dynamism, the unique emotional expressiveness and individuality of harmony. »(VA Pereverzev, 1979).
«Beauty is strictly proportionate to the harmony of all its parts ...», - claimed the ancient Romans and define the measure of beauty and harmony, symmetry and proportions. This allowed them to open in the structure of the human face and body «the principle of the golden section», they called «the divine proportion». In contrast to the preceding Middle Ages, the Renaissance gave the world the term «Grace», which implies not only the static beauty, and beauty in the dynamics.
At the heart of «the principle of the golden section» is equal parts of three persons - the top (to the eyebrows), medium (to the base of the nose) and lower (to chin) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Areas person.
The upper part of the face, the corresponding brain area of the head is also called cerebral or cerebral. Central part corresponding to the beginning of the respiratory tract - respiratory or breathing, and lower corresponding masticatory apparatus - digestivnoy or digestive.
In ancient China, the upper part of the person believed the celestial, the middle refers to a person, and the lower - to the ground. This was the concept of the trinity of heaven, man and earth, which is the basis of traditional Chinese philosophy and culture. Harmony of the parts of the face served as a basis for predicting the fate of art in the face, and, consistent with the upper part of the fate of childhood, middle - a mature age, and the bottom - old age. Ideal of equality of these parts was considered the height.
This division of people into three parts, is still used by all physiognomists and researchers, and served as the basis for determining the types person, depending on the priority development of a part (Fig. 1).
Thus, strongly developed frontal and cranial part of the head was the basis for the allocation of a trapezoidal shape of the head with the base at the top. The predominance of the lower part of a well-developed chewing apparatus attached to a person as a trapezoidal shape, but with the bottom.
Expressions latitudinal average size of a diamond determines the shape of the face, and the equality of the width of all parts of the face - a square.
Fig. 2 Forms of persons
A favorable upper part of the face is a wide, smooth and high forehead, slightly raised, with beautiful brows.
An unfavorable is narrow and low forehead, with lots of wrinkles and ugly eyebrows.
The middle part with clean piercing eyes and straight nose is elongated in physiognomy good.
Favorable lower part describes clearly-defined mouth, with a moderately pronounced cheekbones and cheeks, and a length of sturdy chin.
Anatomists and anthropologists have divided person depending on the ratio of latitudinal and altitudinal size of the head, and physiognomists by similarity to geometric figures.
What kind of information about the person is a form of his face?
Oval face (Fig. 2c) is considered the most correct. It is inherent in the holders of outstanding character, sensitivity and mobility. People with this form of individuals have the inner strength and incredible energy. They are friendly, sensitive, temper quickly subsides, and therefore not unforgiving. They are characterized by impulsiveness and insatiable desires. However, the negative traits of character for them is the infirmity, moodiness, cunning, deceit, lack of persistence and perseverance.
Square face (Fig. 2b) - the true mask stubborn with a strong character, have patience, stubbornness, selfishness, avarice and brutality. In the absence of proper education, they differ harshness, ignorance, cynicism and bow only to the brute force and power. They are distinguished by the ability to learn anything and heightened sensitivity to criticism of any kind and aggressiveness in response to pressure.
Round face (Fig. 2a). His owners emerging, the initiatives and activities. Their mind is quick, but short temper and hasty actions prevented them from achieving their aims. Such people are not characteristic of prudence and caution, as excessive frankness often creates problems.
Triangular face (Fig. 2d) with a pronounced brain area often found among thinkers, scholars, philosophers and artists. Also expressed intelligence, for them has at times strange and bizarre in nature, melancholy, excessive romanticism. Furthermore, among them common people with a combination of inventive mind, deception and pretense. They are more powerful in theory, it is inherent in the spirit of contradiction and perseverance in pursuing their ideas. They are often coexist idealists and realists, and their paradoxical mind sometimes leads to utopia.
Close to them by people with a trapezoid shape the type of person are different positivism and the development of sound and practical sense. They are weak and abnormal activity outside the initiative, sociable, like to appear in public, are biased for comfort and money.
Foregoing physiognomic characteristics never been fully match the shape of a person, but a combination of traits from two or more types. The leading sign appears more predominant part of the face - forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, lips, chin and ears, which are discussed below.
The shape of individual differences not only in full-face, but also in the profile that their «hollows» and «hills» recalls Earth's topography.
Fig. 3 
:
a snub-b-Bourbon, in-flat;
Mr. Greek; Dr. rostral; e-eagle.
Depending on «ladshafta» individual exhibits certain character traits.
Flat face ( «polar desert») is not expressive of relief (Kalmyk, Eskimos, Chukchi) and mostly belong maloemotsionalnym people depressed, but acute sense of injustice.
Bump the person ( «river rapids») is characterized by sharp outlines, but the holders of such individuals differ sociability and can be very sweet.
Persons with large and very expressive features ( «Grand Canyon») is extremely good-natured, sociable, cheerful, but resentful at jokes against their appearance (Cyrano de Bergerac, Gogol, Depardieu and Belmondo).
Everyone subconsciously or consciously certainly knows the dignity of his person, as well as the shortcomings of its individual parts. This fact puts his fingerprints on a person's character and unwittingly helps experienced physiognomists (and sometimes fortune-tellers) to predict its future and destiny.
Types of individuals are in close connection with the types of nature and types of higher nervous activity.
Sanguine - a man with strong, fast and stable (resistant) reactions.
Phlegmatic - is characterized by slow, mild reactions.
Choleric - a man with a fast and labile (unstable) nervous.
Melancholic - it conveys the slow but stable response.
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