| | |
|
The mechanism of action of facial muscles in certain facial expressions
03-09-2009
1. The pleasure (joy, happiness, laughter, smile, satisfaction, sympathy).
The intensity of expression of these emotions to a greater extent determined by the degree of displacement sideways commissure of the lips, the degree of opening of the mouth and the number of exposed teeth, and the degree of closure century.
With a smile:
closed-mouth or just slightly open, lower jaw slightly shifted downwards;
-commissure lip shifted to the side and upwards, the lips become thinner, more closely pressed to the teeth (reduced zygomaticus major muscle and muscle of the angle of the mouth). When the mouth is closed lips stretched, with half-open - exposed front teeth, upper arch, sometimes visible gums (reduced square muscle of upper lip, square muscle of the lower lip, and others);
denotes the nasolabial fold, close to its lower section can be formed on the cheek dimple;
-decreases the distance between the tip of the nose and upper lip;
-Mouth and upper lip are almost horizontally, but do not rise (or very little, if mouth ajar). They form weakly expressed by the curve with a trough in the upper part, raised only commissure;
-as a result of compression of the skin and fatty tissue between the zygomaticus major muscle and lower peripheral part of the circular muscle of the eye (cheek fibers) on the cheek near the commissure formed large vertical folds;
-with a smile can form a long and clear crease running from the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone to the lateral chin protuberance. At the same time may become visible thin abdominal muscle zygomaticus major muscle and part of the triangular muscle;
forehead skin-tight, because there is no muscular contraction;
-due to the reduction of the circular muscle of the eye brows can be a little shift down;
-lower eyelid and the skin in the cheeks are lifted and cover the eyes, the base of the century and in the direction of the temple, find a small wrinkles.
This activity is also following muscles: circular muscle of the eye (part of the lower eyelid), small zygomatic, nasal, buccal, Klykov, square muscle of upper lip.
If you laugh:
ever-closer together and partially cover the eyes;
-at the base and the outer side of the lower eyelid wrinkles are formed, aimed to his head;
denotes the nasolabial folds, nostrils dilate, the wings of the nose is increasing;
-tip of the nose «distorted» in the direction of the upper lip;
-skin on the forehead smoothed out, it seems that the pinna is shifted back and side;
-mouth may be half-open or closed. One could see most of the front teeth of the upper arch, the lower teeth closed lower lip;
-commissure lip strongly biased to the side and up (actively working zygomaticus major muscle and muscle of the angle of the mouth);
-upper lip rises up and stretched nearly horizontal line;
-lower lip is also stretched, but her situation has not changed;
-eyebrow lifted slightly.
If laughter is also involved the following muscles: circular muscle of the eye, nose, square muscle of upper lip, the muscle of the angle of the mouth, big and small cheek.
The process included the frontal (side section), buccal, temporal, and ear muscles.
With a loud laugh:
-intensified all the morphological manifestations of laughter;
-lip removed to the maximum distance from each other;
-activated to a greater degree of circular muscle of the eye, in the process included the frontal muscle, sometimes brow;
-mouth wide open, showing not only the upper but also lower teeth;
-lifted his head and laid back;
expression is transient, appears briefly.
In terms of satisfaction:
-smile still on his face, body and tail of eyebrows raised a bit;
upper eyelid, slightly lowered, the lower strained and lifted up;
-lips are stretched, at the level of commissure passes nasolabial folds (zygomaticus major muscle is compressed and the muscle of the angle of the mouth), cheek may seem a little hollow (due to reduction of the buccal muscles).
Also active following muscles: circular muscle of the eye (area of the century), small and large zygomatic, Klykov, cheek, arm angle of the mouth, the circular muscle of the mouth (edge region), triangular muscle of the lips.
May be involved muscle and orbital frontal area of the circular muscle of the eye.
2. Sadness (melancholy, sadness, concern, anger, annoyance, frustration, crying, etc.).
When the manifestation of sorrow:
-muscular activity is limited, working mostly muscle eyebrows and lips;
-head eyebrows raised and drawn together, this situation leads to the formation of horizontal and vertical wrinkles only in the central region of the forehead and nose;
-there may be a break eyebrows;
-nostrils are compressed and fall down;
-eyes are sunken;
-because of the lifting head eyebrow area called the medial upper eyelid, while the lateral part of the folds of the century a few drops and closes the side of the upper eyelid. As a result of such displacement groove and fold century are almost parallel to his eyebrows;
-because of the relaxation of muscles, my upper eyelid, it may be a little down. Because of the reduction of the circular muscle of the eye (the orbital region or area of the century), the lower eyelid and the skin on the cheek in the area of the cheekbones may be slightly raise himself;
-mouth remains closed, the commissure is not strained and slightly lowered down, which is associated with reduced triangular muscle. The lower part of the oral slit slightly concave, the skin on his chin lifted (working muscle lifting the chin);
-upper part of the nasolabial fold is expressed clearly, which is not the central sector, gently rolling to the bottom. Impression «elongated» person;
expression of sadness related to long-term. If it is typical for a person concerned wrinkles and folds into being permanent.
In addition to these reduced as: the middle portion of the frontal muscle, brow muscle, muscle, lifting the chin, and small jugal.
The process can connect to the circular muscle of the eye (area of age) and square muscle of upper lip.
In mourning:
expression of sadness manifested more clearly, but the facial musculature is active;
-covered eyelids and tense, because this generates numerous wrinkles in the direction of the temple;
-eyes shining from the tears and dropped down;
-in the middle of the forehead wrinkles, frown and eyebrows raised a bit in the nose;
-nostrils rhythmically expanding, on the sides and back of the nose appear small wrinkles (reduced nasal area of a square muscle of the upper lip);
-commissure sent down (in effect the triangular muscle of the mouth);
-as a result of lowering of the mandible (the action of suprahyoid muscles), mouth ajar, a hole between the lips takes almost rectangular in shape (reduced small zygomatic muscle and labial cervical muscle fibers «platisma»);
-lower lip tense due to muscle contraction, elevating his chin, can raise himself up;
nasolabial folds, expressed clearly, it becomes longer due to the increase of the lower section;
-the skin between the commissure of the lips and chin formed a few oblique wrinkles;
-neck ( «platisma») appear long folds.
In the work includes the following muscles: the frontal, brow, pyramidal, circular muscle of the eye, square muscle of upper lip, triangular muscle of the lower lip, muscle lifting the chin, large and small zygomatic, nasal muscle.
3. Surprise (surprise, admiration, happy surprise, a sad surprise, fear, anxiety, attention) appears as follows:
-shaped cross on the forehead wrinkles (due to the reduction of the frontal muscle), resulting in the line of hair growth falls;
-eyebrows lifted, becoming arched form;
-due to the reduction of the frontal muscle is stretched skin under the eyebrows;
-upper eyelid so sharply rises (reduced muscle lifting it), that becomes visible to the upper arch of the iris and sclera of her eyes «bulge»;
-nostrils slightly compressed;
-jaw drops down a bit, dental arch are removed from each other. Lips are not stretched, the mouth opening has an oval shape;
-cheeks look a little sunken;
-chin slightly tense;
-the expression of strong emotion (surprise, admiration) lips can move out slightly ahead (muscle strain of the canine, the circular muscles of the mouth, buccal) notes stress the middle of the forehead, eyebrows raised high;
Actively following muscles: the frontal, the muscles of the upper and lower lips, the circular muscle of the mouth (oral fissure region), muscle lifting the chin.
4. Fear (fear, fear, concern, fear, panic).
When the manifestation of fear and horror:
-eyebrows lifted and closer, but they are arranged horizontally, not arched. On the nose there are vertical wrinkles on the forehead transverse (frontal and reduced brow muscle);
-the expression of fear and apprehension of the medial frontal muscles contract stronger side and with the brow muscles, they only raise the head of his eyebrows;
-due to the rise of the upper eyelid (muscle, lift it) more open eye slit, resulting in almost completely visible to the iris and its surrounding sclera;
-slightly lower lid is lifted and closes the lowest part of the iris (effective area of the circular muscle-century eyes);
-clearly manifested folds and wrinkles in the base of the lower eyelid;
-wings of the nose and nostrils slightly expanded or «dismayed»;
-jaw drops, respectively mouth opens (the degree depends on the intensity of the feelings of the test), cheek «tumble» due to the weakening of the temporal and masticatory muscles and reduce neck muscles ( «platisma»);
NC-lips, mouth opening becomes almost triangular shape, commissure sent down (a little). Active labial cervical muscle fibers ( «platisma»);
-teeth of both arches exposed only when a strong expression (fear, panic), as a consequence of the sharp lowering of the lower jaw;
-emphasizes vpalost temples;
-nasolabial fold deepens and lengthens,
-in the side areas of the neck formed thin folds (reduced neck muscle «platisma»);
-because of the reaction of peripheral blood vessels facial skin pale, this condition may be accompanied by perspiration or sweating or expansion of the pupils;
Actively following muscles: the frontal (medial or lateral fibers), brow, the muscles of the upper incisors and lower lip, circular muscle of the mouth (mouth area), nasal, pyramidal muscle, circular muscle of the eye (orbital area).
To connect the work of small zygomatic muscle, neck muscle «platisma», muscle lifting the upper eyelid, muscle lifting the chin.
5. Wrath (anger, anxiety, anger, threat) manifests itself as follows:
head-brow lowered, bent down and close together (knit), between them and in the nose is a vertical wrinkles. At the root of the nose may appear cross-fold;
-the rest of the forehead skin is smooth, but the sides may appear wrinkles. The upper lid is lifted, but the groove century, especially in the medial part, inconspicuous because of the downward movement of his eyebrows and creases century;
-eyes wide open, and close to the eyebrows;
-slightly lower lid is lifted, resulting in the side of its base wrinkles;
nostril-flaring, the wings of the nose increased in size and rise (step forward the muscles of the wing);
-jaw may shrink, while the lips are closed (working circular muscle of the mouth and muscle lifting the chin). The sides of the nose stretched (reduced cross-section of the nasal muscles). The lower jaw can be lowered to varying degrees, in this case, an open mouth opening accepts rectangular in shape: the upper lip rises (run small zygomatic muscle and muscle is a square upper lip), because of the motion of the lower lip down (decreasing the triangular and square muscles of the lower lip, and cervical muscles «platisma») to the gums bared teeth of both dental arches;
-nasolabial fold is lengthened and deepened;
-cheeks were flaring in the direction of the cheekbones;
-If your mouth is open narrow, lower jaw slightly pushed forward. When the mouth is closed commissure of lips tensed and moved closer to each other (decreasing the muscles of the upper incisors and lower lip, circular muscle of the mouth);
-because of the expansion of capillaries and blood vessels of the face is red, his forehead and sides of the neck may swell the veins.
Activity is also following muscles: brow, the circular muscle of the eye (orbital part), turbinate, square muscle of upper lip, large zygomatic, cervical muscles «platisma», pyramidal, frontal (side section), triangular muscle.
To connect the work of the buccal, temporal, muscle tool.
5. Disgust - contempt (shame, disapproval, disgust, dislike, ridicule, resentment, humiliation).
In expressing these sentiments, and moved his eyebrows a little lifted up (sometimes there is some asymmetry, one eyebrow see below), a vertical forehead wrinkles. Commissure of lips sink, the lower lip slightly pushed forward and upward. On the chin wrinkled, stands nasolabial folds.
Activity reduces the circular muscles of the eyes and mouth, square muscle of upper lip, triangular muscle of the mouth, brow, nasal muscle, muscle, lifting the chin.
As auxiliary works pyramidal Klykov, small zygomatic, brow and neck muscle «platisma».
When expression of disgust:
-because of the reduction of a square muscle of upper lip, she (and all its parts) rises, while on the back and sides of the nose formed thin lines;
-with a strong muscle tension mouth ajar and partially exposed upper front teeth. At the same time reducing the pyramidal muscles of the head eyebrows lowered, but did not converge, because inactive brow muscles;
-If the bow section of the square muscle (responsible for raising the wing of the nose) is relaxed, the movement makes up only his upper lip, and the wrinkles on his nose are not formed, but deepened nasolabial folds, and takes the broken form;
head-lowered eyebrows helps to reduce the upper eyelid, it is a bit closes the upper section of the iris. The eye seems less stress, and it raised the lower eyelid and cheek;
-lips may be compressed (reduced circular muscle of the mouth), but the fringe as a whole is not strained;
-lower lip may be raised to the level of the upper (reduced muscle lifting the chin);
-commissure lowered down (works triangular muscle of the mouth). If a strong reduction of the muscle and simultaneous compression of the neck muscles «platisma» jaw drops, mouth ajar, partly bared teeth of the upper arch.
In expressing contempt:
-brows lifted (reduced lateral part of the frontal muscle), sometimes marked asymmetry of their position;
-eyelids may be covered;
-upper lip is displaced upwards on one side (running a square mouth muscles), the teeth slightly bared;
-commissure lip directed not to one side, and back on the cheeks may be formed dimples (reduced buccal muscle);
-with a strong expression of the lips can be crooked, bent, become thinner. Because of the movement commissure down (works triangular muscle) the median of the lower lip is raised (reduced muscle lifting the chin). Head up, laid back, a look is a little oblique.
6. Other expressions
Calmness (serenity, quiescence, gravity).
In the face of the harmony notes related to the relaxation of muscles. The skin does not reflect the muscular contractions. Gaze directed forward, but he is serene, not marked busy fixing or searching purposes. On the face comes through the calm, natural expression. Do not confuse it with the missing characteristic of some diseases (see «main external signs of disease»).
Pain (pain, sorrow, anguish, inconvenience):
-brows drawn together and lowered (reduced brow and pyramidal muscles). For severe pain, suffering eyebrows from the nose can be lifted. In the central part of the forehead forms a short vertical and transverse wrinkles;
-eyelids may be covered, with the gaze directed upwards. When severe pain is usually closed, and the eyelids are stretched (reduced circular eye muscle) at the base of the lower eyelid wrinkles, aimed to his head;
-jaw clenched, his lips pressed (works circular muscle of the mouth, muscle, lifting the chin, temporal, chewing). Perhaps lowering the lower jaw, the vast, with his mouth open, his lips were bent, Mouth gets rectangular in shape, commissure directed backward and downward (decrease triangular muscles and neck muscles «platisma»);
narrow-nose (nasal muscle action), with severe pain wings of the nose increased in size;
-nasolabial fold deepens and lengthens, and becomes almost vertical;
-lower lip can sit up;
-lifted his head and laid back;
-on the sides of the neck formed long and thin lines (reduced cervical muscles «platisma»).
Actively work the following muscles: brow, the circular muscle of the eye, small zygomatic, frontal (middle part), square muscle of upper lip, triangular muscle of the mouth.
Connect the temporal lobe, chewing, neck muscle «platisma», arm angle of the mouth, pyramidal, circular muscle of the mouth, nose.
Effort (composure, thinking process, meditation, physical effort):
-brows knit (ie, close together and are omitted), resulting in the nose and in the middle of the forehead is formed by two or three vertical lines;
-lids closed, sometimes closed, but not tense, eyelids appear thin lines, particularly at the base of the lower eyelid;
-lips are stretched, they become thinner, the other option: mouth may be open (due to lowering of the lower jaw);
-lower lip can be a little bulge, his cheeks tumble;
-with a strong physical exertion commissure lip lifted (reduced small and Klykova zygomatic muscles), nasolabial fold deepens, his face red, sometimes the veins on his forehead and there is some asymmetry in the position of the lower jaw and brow;
Actively work the following muscles: brow, pyramidal, circular muscle of the eye, a large jugal.
The process of connecting temporal, chewing, nose, mouth circular muscle, the muscle of the canine, cervical muscle «platisma».
Expression of interest, attention:
-eyebrows may be raised, taking an arched shape and forming several transverse wrinkles on the forehead. Sometimes the eyebrows closer together (and in the normal position, and when they are raising), it occurs with a reduced brow muscles. In this case the bridge there are vertical wrinkles;
eye-slit increases (due to contraction of the muscle, elevating the upper eyelid);
-because of a slight lowering of the mandible (chewing, temporal muscles relax) the lips are opened, they may appear wrinkles (working muscles of the upper incisors and lower lip).
Activity also: brow, fronto-occipital muscles and cervical muscles «platisma».
Manifestation of anger (as well as irritation, anger, contempt):
-brows knit much, because of what is a vertical wrinkles on the nose, cross at the root of the nose and in the central region of the forehead;
-wings of the nose narrowed and lowered;
-jaw drops slightly, his cheeks «horn», the lips are opened;
commissure-shift;
-lower lip slightly lifted and protruded forward;
Has also been active: the frontal muscle (medial or the side effects sometimes asymmetrically), the pyramid, brow, mouth, triangular muscle, circular muscle of the lips, muscle lifting the chin, the circular muscle of the mouth.
Expression of the request (petition, calling for anything, istupleniya):
-eyebrows raised, their tail pointing down;
-look upwards;
-formed cross on the forehead wrinkles
-lower jaw slightly lowered, her mouth slightly open, lips relaxed;
Active: frontal muscle, muscle, lifting the upper eyelid, small jugal.
Expression of doubt, indecision:
-eyebrows raised a bit in the form of an arc, sometimes only one raised eyebrow (asymmetry);
-on the forehead near the raised eyebrow appear transverse wrinkles;
-eyes almost covered;
-commissure lip directed downward, under the lower lip formed oblique lines;
-formed wrinkles on the chin, lower lip goes up and down.
Activity reduces muscle: the frontal, the circular muscle of the eye, the circular muscle of the mouth, muscle, lifting the chin, square muscle of upper lip, triangular muscle of the lips.
| |
| | |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Articles for theme "face":
| | |
|
|
03-09-2009
Schematically one can distinguish three main types of facial expressions (Fig. 49). In each there is a certain dominant.
Neutral facial expressions. Muscle contraction and thus «expressive» skin folds are absent. Serenity, decisiveness, mild attention.
Expression of positive feelings. Face is flattened as if by centrifugal force. For example, stretch the lips, eyelids are smoothed out, elongated eyebrows. Thus, on the face show through optimism and positive emotions: laughter, smile, delight, joy.
|
| |
| | |
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
03-09-2009
We know that emotions - it is a subjective human response to external or internal (psychological) stimuli, which manifest expression of feelings at the somatic level. These manifestations are expressed «alarm» man about his condition when dealing in the form of gestures, rapid breathing, change in skin color, sweating, trembling, and a certain facial face. That person is part of the body, fully reflecting the experienced emotions. Emotions are manifested in the face by reducing the facial muscles, most of which are under the skin.
|
| |
| | |
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
03-09-2009
One of the portentous signs on the human body and especially on the face are pigment formation. The morphology, they are benign tumors, referred to as moles in the home. They are capable under certain circumstances to degenerate into serious illness, and therefore doctors call them «sleeping snake». Their origin they are congenital and newly formed, as if so the nature of man tells him ugotovlennoy fate or disclose to others the mystery of his character.
Their impact moles are considered to be favorable or unfavorable.
|
| |
| | |
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
03-09-2009
Hair does not belong to elements of a person, but play a major role in shaping not only the external appearance of the face and head, but also have some importance as a physiognomic sign. They are hard and soft, straight and curly, curly and fluffy. Quality of hair is determined by genetic predisposition, they contain important information about a person's life, and largely reflect his fate.
Depending on the species they contain the pigment carotene, they are dark (brunettes), chestnut (shateny), blond (blond), blond and, less often - red.
|
| |
| | |
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
02-09-2009
The chin is located in the lower face and is one of the major components that determine its shape. In turn, the shape of the chin depends on the lateral angle of the mandible and determined by the degree of reason «chin triangle» - the elevation in front of the chin area (Fig. 43).
Fig. 43 chin width of the triangle: a-narrow chin,
b-wide chin
If the angle of the mandible to 125 degrees and «chin Triangle» sharp - the lower part of the person concerned to narrow the options (triangular or oval).
|
| |
| | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
