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Vagus nerve
02-09-2009
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve. Innervates the organs of the neck, chest cavity, digestive tract, organs retroperitoneal space. Has the following core: three common core with nerve IX (nucl. alae cinegea, nucl. Ambiguus, nucl. Tgactus solitagius) and own parasympathetic nucleus nucl. dogsalis n. vagi.
The vagus nerve contains motor, sensory and autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers.
Motor fibers coming from the motor neurons of the dual-core to the striated muscle of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx and upper esophagus. Efferent fibers to the internal organs originate from the dorsal nucleus
vagus nerve. These nuclei (n. ambiguus, nucl. Dogsalis n. vagi) have bilateral cortical innervation.
Sensory fibers that provide the innervation of blood vessels and internal organs, as well as some parts of the skin and the dura mater, originate from cells of sensitive sites gangl. supegius, gangl. infegius, located respectively in the jugular hole and exit.
The central processes of cell sites are in the medulla oblongata. Marching into the brain, the fibers are divided into ascending and descending branches. Ascending branch ends in cells zadnego nucleus of the vagus nerve are falling along with the fibers IX pair, forming a single path, ending in nucl. solitagius. From these nuclei are fibers of the second neuron IX and X nerves, mostly moving to the opposite side, joined to the second neuron overall sensitivity (lemniscus medialis) and reach TALAM baleen.
As part talamokortikalnyh fibers that path ends in the inferior part of the postcentral gyrus.
Vegetative (preganglionic) fibers, begin to own pair of dorsal nucleus of X (nucl. dogsalis n. vagi).
Switching on the postganglionic fibers occurs in the nodes of visceral plexus (solar, mesenteric, and others) and internal organs. These fibers provide motor innervation of the smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchus, esophagus, stomach, small and part of the colon; secretory fibers are sent to the stomach and pancreas, inhibitory fibers to the heart, vasomotor fibers to the vessels.
The vagus nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata numerous roots, blending in zadnelateralnoy furrow in the common trunk, which leaves the cranial cavity through a trash hole. Dropping the neck, the vagus nerve is composed of sosudistonervnogo beam, surrounded by a common fascial sheath.
As part of this bundle, except subsection vagus, are the internal jugular Vienna, internal carotid artery. In the lower parts of the topography of the right and left vagus nerves is different. On the surface of the esophagus, both vagus nerve
often divided into a number of large and small branches, forming the esophageal plexus.
Above the oesophageal aperture of the branches of the plexus formed vagus trunks front and rear.
Both contain fibers of the vagus trunk right and left vagus nerves and sympathetic fibers. Infiltrating with the esophagus into the abdomen, the vagus trunks give branches to the organs of the abdomen and celiac plexus.
Symptoms defeat IX and X pairs of cranial nerves have a common core of
brain and work together to provide sensory and motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate. So violation of these syndromes of the nerves appropriate to consider together.
The defeat of the total for the IX and X pairs of motor nerve (nucI. ambiguus) is accompanied by denervation of muscles of the soft palate, epiglottis, pharynx, larynx. A decline
or loss of pharyngeal and palatal reflexes as a result of pathology of the efferent reflex arc. When a unilateral lesion noted overhang of the soft palate on the side of the hearth, a small tongue-thrust healthy muscles deviates in the opposite direction, his voice hoarse, at laryngoscopy revealed paralysis of the vocal cords.
In bilateral lesion of motor nuclei, due to paralysis of muscles
epiglottis, the liquid food enters the larynx and trachea, but because of the paralysis of the soft palate
they flow into the nasal cavity.
Violated swallowing, patients poperhivayutsya (dysphagia). The voice becomes nasal, nasal tone. The paralysis of the muscles of the larynx leads to sagging of the vocal cords and the appearance of aphonia soundless speech, the voice of the patient loses sonority becomes
hoarse.
The defeat of the nucl. alae cinegea or sensitive fibers accompanied by anesthesia of the mucous membrane of the soft palate and pharynx. This decrease or loss of pharyngeal and palatal reflexes due to interruption of the afferent reflex arc. The defeat of the sensory fibers are also accompanied by loss of taste on the posterior third of tongue.
Salivary function is impaired when lesions of salivary nucleus or glossopharyngeal nerve.
At the same time due to hypofunction of the parotid salivary gland appears dry mouth. The defeat is the thirteenth pair of drum or the string is not accompanied by dry mouth, if the normal functioning parotid gland.
Incomplete lesions of the vagus nerve or a pair of sympathetic nuclei subsection dogsalis n. vagi having cardiac arrhythmia (tachycardia). respiratory disorders and dpygih vegetativnovistseralnyh functions. Bilateral lesion of these nuclei causes death (due to cessation of cardiac and respiratory arrest).
Irritation in the zone of innervation of the IX and X pairs is manifested in the form laringofaringopilorospazma and various autonomic disorders (disturbance of cardiac activity, respiration, etc.).
Thus, the defeat IX pair is accompanied by a breach of taste on the posterior third of tongue, pharyngeal anesthesia on the affected side, lower pharyngeal and palatal reflexes on the affected side, paralysis of the soft palate on the affected side, the small deviation of the uvula in a healthy way, choke, nasal voice shade, dry mouth.
Defeat primarily the vagus nerve also leads to a breach of taste on the posterior third of tongue, anesthesia of the pharynx, larynx, trachea on the affected side, the reduction or precipitation of pharyngeal and palatal reflexes, the development of a unilateral paralysis of the soft palate, choke when swallowing, nasal voice. In addition, symptoms of the parasympathetic denervation of the internal organs on the affected side.
Bilateral lesion cores and stems IX and X pairs with involvement in the pathological process nuclei XI and HN pairs leads to the development of bulbar palsy. Hemilesion kortikonuklearnyh tract does not function as a result of material breaches of the double innervation of the cortical nuclei. Bilateral relations defeat the cerebral cortex and nuclei of IX, X, XI, XH pairs of cranial nerves is
so-called 4: laughing sickness
TRANSLATE FROM RUSSIAN BY GOOGLE
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Articles for theme "nerve ":
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02-09-2009
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Pair of cranial nerves IX (p. glossophagyngeus) mixed nerve contains motor, sensory and parasympathetic (secretory) fiber, has 4 cores, which are located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata.
The double nucleus, nucl. ambiguus (in common with a pair of X), located in the middle part of the medulla oblongata, in front and lateral nucleus hypoglossal nerve.
Axons of cells form the core motor branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which innervates the muscle only shiloglotochnuyu (ie stylopharingeus).
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02-09-2009
Sluhovestibulyarny nerve
Sluhovestibulyarny nerve sensitive nerve is the conductor of the special sensitivity of the organ of hearing and balance, and consists of 2x functionally different parts of the vestibular (pars vestibularis) and hearing (pars cochleagis).
The auditory part (auditory nerve) provides transmission of sound stimuli. Sound waves are perceived by specific receptors spiral organ (Corti's). By petseptoram suitable peripheral processes of bipolar cells of the spiral node, located in the cochlea of the labyrinth.
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02-09-2009
An investigation of oculomotor muscles
All oculomotor function are studied in the middle position of the head and look at the patient directly (primary position).
Attention is drawn to the width of the eye slits of their value. Normally, the upper lid should not go to the area of the pupil. If it comes, it is ptosis (or poluptoz).
To investigate the function of muscles, elevating the upper eyelid (for Burke), pressing the finger skin in eyebrows, asked to look up.
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02-09-2009
Abducens motor nerve, innervates the lateral rectus muscle eye. By connecting the branches in the trunk of the nerve included autonomic and sensory fibers.
Abducens nucleus (nucl. abducens), which consists of large efferent nerve cells located in the tires (tegmentum) bridge at the bottom of the IV ventricle, near the middle
line, more kperetsi.
The trunk of the nerve leaves the brain at the posterior edge of the bridge between him and the pyramid of the medulla oblongata.
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02-09-2009
Trochlear nerve (purely motor) originates in the motor, located in the midbrain at the bottom of the aqueduct of Sylvius at the level of the lower tubercles chetverololmiya backward from nuclei III pair. Fibers are caudal. Do a complete re cross behind aquaeductus cegebgi. This is the only nerve that appears not on the basis of the brain, but on the dorsal side of the brainstem. Pierced cavernous sinus. Through fissuga ogbitalis supegiog penetrates into the orbit outside annujus zinni and reaches the top
oblique muscles of the eye.
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