Fronto-facial injuries are among the most severe cranio-facial injuries. In fracture of the upper jaw, it causes fracture of the frontal bone, the anterior cranial fossa, ethmoid bone, nasal bones. Possible contusion of the frontal lobes.  Clinical features of fronto-facial injuries has several features, among them - expressed not only swelling of facial tissues, but the head. Because edema is sometimes impossible to inspect the eye, which is important to identify their trauma, as well as the destruction of the optic, oculomotor nerves.

Aging, «return of youth» and prolong life, interested person from the time of antiquity. Nature has endowed man short-lived, but its physiological resources, its reserves, margin, calculated for more. Such facts are known: in Iran, lived an old man, who has worked for 195 years without glasses, and in Bolivia, a woman retained the ability to work in 203 years. In 1925, in Hungary, died on the couple when he was 172 years, and she - 164. Many examples of longevity and the Caucasus, but that life expectancy remains low: 60-70 years, and in some countries up to 40 years.

While studying sculpture and painting portraits of the natural person or people who can distinguish the set of distinctive features that define the individuality of appearance, on the one hand, and the condition of the person (alive or portrait) - on the other. It's head and, accordingly, a person is part of the body, to a greater degree of personally identifiable individual. Externally, the person can be broadly defined physical and mental condition. It suffices to recall the expression of individuals in a state of agony in the religious ( «Crucifixion», «Sv.

Approximately 18 years of age the skin of a human face looks fresh, smooth and elastic. In adolescence, the external shape of the face changes in volumetric and proportional relationships, and by 30-35 years, it is formed completely, that is, in the dawn of life.  At maturity (after 40 years), there is a trend gaining weight, even in lean people. Undoubtedly, a role played by biological type, health and «modus vivendi», ie the image of human life. Fatty tissue on the face alters the familiar face.

In living nature, as in the material world in general, there is no completely symmetric or completely asymmetric objects. This principle of the structure of matter affects all its components: space, energy, physics, chemistry, biology, cells, atoms, electrons and quanta. In any object there is always the unity of symmetry and asymmetry.  Man, like vertebrates, bilateral symmetry of the body in the form of pairing organs or the presence of left and right halves of the individual parts and organs.

1. The pleasure (joy, happiness, laughter, smile, satisfaction, sympathy).  The intensity of expression of these emotions to a greater extent determined by the degree of displacement sideways commissure of the lips, the degree of opening of the mouth and the number of exposed teeth, and the degree of closure century.  With a smile:  closed-mouth or just slightly open, lower jaw slightly shifted downwards;  -commissure lip shifted to the side and upwards, the lips become thinner, more closely pressed to the teeth (reduced zygomaticus major muscle and muscle of the angle of the mouth).

Schematically one can distinguish three main types of facial expressions (Fig. 49). In each there is a certain dominant.  Neutral facial expressions. Muscle contraction and thus «expressive» skin folds are absent. Serenity, decisiveness, mild attention.  Expression of positive feelings. Face is flattened as if by centrifugal force. For example, stretch the lips, eyelids are smoothed out, elongated eyebrows. Thus, on the face show through optimism and positive emotions: laughter, smile, delight, joy.

We know that emotions - it is a subjective human response to external or internal (psychological) stimuli, which manifest expression of feelings at the somatic level. These manifestations are expressed «alarm» man about his condition when dealing in the form of gestures, rapid breathing, change in skin color, sweating, trembling, and a certain facial face. That person is part of the body, fully reflecting the experienced emotions. Emotions are manifested in the face by reducing the facial muscles, most of which are under the skin.

One of the portentous signs on the human body and especially on the face are pigment formation. The morphology, they are benign tumors, referred to as moles in the home. They are capable under certain circumstances to degenerate into serious illness, and therefore doctors call them «sleeping snake». Their origin they are congenital and newly formed, as if so the nature of man tells him ugotovlennoy fate or disclose to others the mystery of his character.  Their impact moles are considered to be favorable or unfavorable.

 Hair does not belong to elements of a person, but play a major role in shaping not only the external appearance of the face and head, but also have some importance as a physiognomic sign. They are hard and soft, straight and curly, curly and fluffy. Quality of hair is determined by genetic predisposition, they contain important information about a person's life, and largely reflect his fate.  Depending on the species they contain the pigment carotene, they are dark (brunettes), chestnut (shateny), blond (blond), blond and, less often - red.

The chin is located in the lower face and is one of the major components that determine its shape. In turn, the shape of the chin depends on the lateral angle of the mandible and determined by the degree of reason «chin triangle» - the elevation in front of the chin area (Fig. 43).     Fig. 43 chin width of the triangle: a-narrow chin,  b-wide chin  If the angle of the mandible to 125 degrees and «chin Triangle» sharp - the lower part of the person concerned to narrow the options (triangular or oval).

Cognitive interest and importance in the plastic individuals have teeth. As a support for the lips, they even affect the rest of their profiling, tone and vzaimopolozhenie, identifying facial expression and his personality. Baring during the conversation, smiles and laughter, their teeth are signs of actively shaping individuals, adding facial harmony, or destroying it, especially in their absence. Their shape, size and position in the dental row on the edges of the lips and other parts of the face, the proportionality between them, her whole face and its components, matching their shape with the shape of the face and many other things, taken together, form a beautiful face and smile.

Concluding the description of the lips, there's always one of their functions - kisses. This emotionally - the dynamic state, to be exact - the action belongs only to man, which is expressed by touching his lips to the lips or other parts of the body. This ritualistic touching her lips done, not only to humans but also to inanimate objects (crosses, icons, sacred objects and other things), but in all cases, this is a sign of love or other positive feelings - respect, esteem or friendly affection.

One of the most visible and spectacular ways to express feelings and emotions is a smile.  Do not be ringing - no violins  No wind - sniknut sails  And the role of a priceless smile  Throughout harmony person.  This property of human facial expressions created an integrated multi-element faces: eyes, lips, cheeks and is a very important contributing factor in human communication (Fig. 28). Some animals: dog, monkey, in an outburst of joy, able to present something like a smile, but only man is capable of a smile to express pleasure, joy, happiness, tenderness, joy, irony, sarcasm, love and other emotions.

The most moving part of the face is the area of the mouth, which includes the lips and the surrounding soft tissue, closing the mouth opening (mouth). The lips on the inside form the space, which is separated from the actual mouth dental series.  A mouth made the most important functions: eating, breathing, speech communication, emotional expression, kissing and other vital functions. As of the lips, combined with the expression of the eyes and other features, you can judge the moral qualities of man and his physical and mental condition.

Architecture Center is a person's nose, consisting of bone and cartilage framework, forming the nasal cavity. In all newborns, regardless of hereditary traits, their noses are small and snub-nosed, but subsequently become dominant signs: bump, flattened, shape, length, and others. It is difficult to Cyrano de Bergerac in infancy with atypical, long before the absurd nose.  Characterize their noses in shape, width, length, on his tip, nose, wings, nose to the base and back. The variety of possible combinations of these features are evident in everyday life and has the ethnic and geographical features of the structure and configuration.

Ear in the anatomical sense, represented auricle in the form of skin duplikatury that encloses the elastic cartilage. Like dermal patterns of fingers, the configuration of the ear is strictly individual. Front of the ear canal is located ledge - tragus, and behind him the other - antitragus. At the top of the ear is bending wrapped anteriorly - pinstripe, and down from it is split ends roller - anthelion. The lower edge of the ear cartilage has called lobe. Like the iris, pinna has a neuro - humoral and energy ties with all organs and systems, and is widely used in reflexology for indirect effects on them with the help of acupuncture.

Nature has provided eye as delicate, important and informative body of reliable defenders - a device in the form of fat, the eyelashes, eyelids and eyebrows. Eyebrows are broad and narrow, short and long, straight and oblique, with corners and arched, thick, rare, and fused, oriented horizontally, up or down. Each of these features gives a person certain expressions: femininity or masculinity, cheerfulness or sadness (Fig. 13).     Fig. 13 Varieties of eyebrows  Because of the mobility of the eyebrows change their shape in various states and facial expressions play an important role in the plastic face and his expressiveness.

Configuration age and shape of the optic fissure, together with the iris, the individual variability, which determines the infinite variety of human eyes. How to guard the pearl shell valves, and forever protect the eyeball from external influences, moisturizing mucous membrane of the cornea. Usually a person blinks every fifteen seconds, that is, four times a minute. The baby did not blink until a certain age in general. If a person is healthy, he could not blink for several minutes. Animals blink more often than men and can not stand being stared at - turn away.

One of the most beautiful, expressive and informative components of individuals are the human eye. They are rightly considered to be «mirror» of the soul, and the ancient Chinese called them and physiognomists «mirror of the mind». At the same time, they are the most difficult to study and interpretation.  From the point of view of the eye as the material structure (shape, cut, color, etc.) is acceptable to them and spiritual evaluative component - look. It is well known how expressive he can be, and how many there are living and its literary characteristics.